In the UK, definitions of specific learning differences are often informed by authoritative documents such as the Rose Report for dyslexia and other conditions. These definitions provide a framework for understanding and identifying specific learning differences in an educational context, guiding assessment, intervention, and support for individuals with these conditions.
ADHD
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Individuals with ADHD may have difficulty sustaining attention, staying organised , and controlling impulses, which can impact academic, social, and occupational functioning.
ASC
ASC (Autism Spectrum Condition) encompasses a range of neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by challenges in social communication and interaction, as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities. Autism is a lifelong condition that varies widely in severity and presentation.
Dyscalculia
Dyscalculia refers to difficulties with mathematical skills and understanding, including number sense, arithmetic, and mathematical reasoning. Individuals with dyscalculia may struggle with tasks such as counting, understanding mathematical concepts, and solving mathematical problems.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a specific learning difficulty that primarily affects the skills involved in accurate and fluent word reading and spelling. It is characterised by difficulties in phonological awareness, verbal memory, and verbal processing speed.
Dyspraxia
Also known as Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD), dyspraxia affects physical coordination, and gross and fine motor skills. Individuals with dyspraxia may have difficulties with activities such as tying shoelaces, handwriting, and participating in sports due to challenges in planning and executing movements.
Visual difficulties
Visual difficulties may be remedied through behavioural optometry. This is a specialised area within optometry and considers how visual problems can affect various aspects of an individual’s performance, including learning, reading, attention, and overall well-being. Behavioural optometrists assess not only the clarity of vision but also how efficiently the eyes function together, how they interpret visual information, and how vision integrates with other sensory and cognitive processes. Behavioural optometrists may provide recommendations tailored to the individual’s specific visual needs and challenges.